📘 Core concepts
- 1Primary rules: literal (grammatical), golden, mischief (Heydon's), purposive.
- 2Aids to construction — internal (preamble, headings) and external (history, dictionaries).
- 3Doctrine of ejusdem generis: general words limited to same class as specific.
- 4Doctrine of noscitur a sociis: meaning known by association.
- 5Strict construction for penal & taxing statutes; liberal for beneficial legislation.
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